Underground Storage Facilities Research Articles

Hydrogen Storage in Deep Saline Aquifers: Non-Recoverable Cushion Gas after Storage

Underground hydrogen storage facilities require cushion gas to operate, which is an expensive one-time investment. Only some of this gas is recoverable after the end of UHS operation. A significant percentage of the hydrogen will remain in underground storage as non-recoverable cushion gas. Efforts must be made to reduce it. This article presents the results of modeling the cushion gas withdrawal after the end of cyclical storage operation. It was found that the amount of non-recoverable cushion gas is fundamentally influenced by the duration of the initial hydrogen filling period, the hydrogen flow rate, and the timing of the upconing occurrence. Upconing is one of the main technical barriers to hydrogen storage in deep saline aquifers. The ratio of non-recoverable cushion gas to cushion gas (NRCG/CG) decreases with an increasing amount of cushion gas. The highest ratio, 0.63, was obtained in the shortest 2-year initial filling period. The lowest ratio, 0.35, was obtained when utilizing the longest initial filling period of 4 years and employing the largest amount of cushion gas. The presented cases of cushion gas recovery can help investors decide which storage option is the most advantageous based on the criteria that are important to them.

Impact of Depth on Underground Hydrogen Storage Operations in Deep Aquifers

Underground hydrogen storage in geological structures is considered appropriate for storing large amounts of hydrogen. Using the geological Konary structure in the deep saline aquifers, an analysis of the influence of depth on hydrogen storage was carried out. Hydrogen injection and withdrawal modeling was performed using TOUGH2 software, assuming different structure depths. Changes in the relevant parameters for the operation of an underground hydrogen storage facility, including the amount of H2 injected in the initial filling period, cushion gas, working gas, and average amount of extracted water, are presented. The results showed that increasing the depth to approximately 1500 m positively affects hydrogen storage (flow rate of injected hydrogen, total capacity, and working gas). Below this depth, the trend was reversed. The cushion gas-to-working gas ratio did not significantly change with increasing depth. Its magnitude depends on the length of the initial hydrogen filling period. An increase in the depth of hydrogen storage is associated with a greater amount of extracted water. Increasing the duration of the initial hydrogen filling period will reduce the water production but increase the cushion gas volume.

The Role of Geological Methods in the Prevention and Control of Urban Flood Disaster Risk: A Case Study of Zhengzhou

The frequent occurrence of urban flood disasters is a major and persistent problem threatening the safety of cities in China and elsewhere in the world. As this issue is so pervasive, exploring new methods for more effective risk prevention and urban flood disaster control is now being prioritized. Taking the case of the city of Zhengzhou as an example, this paper proposes using geological, hydrogeological, ecological, and environmental conditions together with appropriate engineering designs to address the problem of urban flooding. The strategy includes integrating urban sponge–hydrogeological conditions, ecological engineering, and the construction of deep underground water storage facilities. Field investigations, data collection and analysis, in situ observations, testing, and laboratory experiments, are analyzed to explain the formation mechanism and means to mitigate flood disasters in Zhengzhou. Our results suggest that the appropriate use of geological, ecological, and hydrogeological aspects, combined with effective engineering practices, can significantly improve the city’s flood control capacity. These measures can solve the problem of the “once-in-a-millennium” occurrence of torrential rain disasters such as the “720” torrential rainstorm that has affected the city of Zhengzhou.

Evaluation of the Dynamic Stability of Underground Structures Assuming a Hydrogen Gas Explosion Disaster in a Shallow Underground Hydrogen Storage Facility

Amid the ongoing global warming crisis, there has been growing interest in hydrogen energy as an environmentally friendly energy source to achieve carbon neutrality. A stable and large-scale hydrogen storage infrastructure is essential to satisfy the increasing demand for hydrogen energy. Particularly for hydrogen refueling stations located in urban areas, technological solutions are required to ensure the stability of adjacent civil structures in the event of hydrogen storage tank explosions. In this study, a numerical analysis using equivalent trinitrotoluene (TNT) and Concrete Damage Plasticity (CDP) models was employed to analyze the dynamic behavior of the ground in response to hydrogen gas explosions in shallow underground hydrogen storage facilities and to assess the stability of nearby structures against explosion effects. According to the simulation results, it was possible to ensure the structural stability of nearby buildings and tunnel structures by maintaining a minimum separation distance. In the case of nearby building structures, a distance of at least 6 to 7 m is needed to be maintained from the underground hydrogen storage facility to prevent explosion damage from a hydrogen gas explosion. For nearby tunnel structures, a distance of at least 10 m is required to ensure structural stability.

FIRST EXPERIENCE IN THE ZONAL FORECAST OVER THE MOSCOW ARTESIAN BASIN FOR THE IMPLEMENTATION OF CCS PROJECTS

Link for citation: Novikov D.A., Fomina (Sadykova) Ya.V., Yurchik I.I., Derkachev A.S., Chernykh A.V., Dultsev F.F., Maksimova A.A., Nikitenkov A.N., Knyazev A.G. First experience in the zonal forecast over the Moscow artesian basin for the implementation of CCS projects. Bulletin of the Tomsk Polytechnic University. Geo Аssets Engineering, 2023, vol. 334, no. 10, рр. 119-139. In Rus. The relevance of the investigation is caused by a substantial increase in greenhouse gas emissions all over the world, which is the most essential ecological problem causing climate change, glaciers melting, and atmospheric pollution. The most efficient method to reduce emissions is long-term carbon dioxide capture and storage in geological formations. Since the enterprises emitting carbon dioxide are highly concentrated in the European part of the Russian Federation, it is reasonable to arrange carbon dioxide storage facilities within the boundaries of the Moscow artesian basin. The goal of investigation was to make a zonal forecast of the outlooks for the implementation of CCS projects at the territory of the Moscow artesian basin, to reveal the geological structures that are promising for carbon dioxide storage, and evaluate the potential capacity of traps for carbon dioxide capture and storage. The objects of investigation are water-bearing and waterproof horizons of the lower aquifer in the Moscow artesian basin. Methods. A system of criteria for the zonal forecast of hydrogeological structures is proposed to implement the projects aimed at geological capture and storage of carbon dioxide in deep aquifers, relying on the actual international and Russian normative basis on the burial of carbon dioxide, industrial wastewaters, toxic wastes, arrangement and monitoring of underground storage facilities. Evaluation system includes eight groups of criteria: general hydrogeological, structural-tectonic, lithological, hydrodynamic, geothermal, hydrogeochemical, environmental, and resource-related. Within each group of criteria, two and more parameters affecting evaluation of the suitability of a territory for CCS project implementation are distinguished. Results. Evaluation of the potential of the Moscow artesian basin from the viewpoint of its suitability for long-term CO2 storage has been carried out for the first time. The forecast over the proposed criteria allowed us to map the lands with different degrees of prospective viability. The structures of medium promise include 16 geological structures with the initial CO2 capture and storage capacity of 150,6 billion tons in water-dissolved state and of 13,4 billion tons in the supercritical state. In addition, the regions of low and zero promise were distinguished. Analysis results allow us to pass to the local evaluation of the structures of medium promise in order to perform licensing and to assign the structures to the foundation of potential carbon dioxide storage facilities, which implies more detailed investigation of collectors and impermeable seal rocks, structural tectonic parameters, computer simulation of water–rock–gas interactions, and compulsory laboratory experiments.

Back-Analysis of Rock Mass Strength at a Radioactive Waste Disposal Site Using Acoustic Emission Monitoring Data and 3D Numerical Modelling

In this study, a new method was examined that used acoustic emission (AE) monitoring data, in combination with a primary Boundary Element stress analysis, to back-calculate rock mass strength. The presented AE data came from the National Radioactive Waste Repository (NRWR) for low- and intermediate-level waste (LLW/ILW). AE monitoring is able to detect the pre-peak, peak, and post-peak stress changes in rock mass. The presented method used AE monitoring data to back-calculate parameters, such as uniaxial compressive strength and the rock mass deformation modulus. The AE initiation threshold was used to develop an objective function that considered the stress in the rock mass and the rock mass strength. The findings of this research propose that most AE events can be related to the crack initiation threshold, and in space, most of them are located at points away from the excavated walls. In the vicinity of the excavation damage zones around the cavities, the stress conditions beyond the crack damage boundary of the rock mass occur in many areas, leading to significant irreversible deformations. This novel method was demonstrated to aid in the prediction of rock mass strength and is a valuable, non-invasive method for improving the spatial prediction of rock mass parameters, which will lead to safer underground storage facilities.

Study of conditions for long-term storage of food products in permafrost on the Taimyr Peninsula

The article describes the history of the organization of a real-life experiment for the long-term storage of food products, which was begun in 1900 on the western coast of the Taimyr Peninsula by the fi rst Russian polar expedition of the Russian Academy of Sciences led by the geologist and geographer Eduard Vasilyevich Toll. The main tasks of scientifi c work on the study of physicochemical and organoleptic quality indicators of food and industrial products during long-term storage in conditions of unregulated negative temperatures in the permafrost of the Arctic zone of Russia are presented. A historical background on the course of the scientifi c experiment from the moment the storage facility was discovered in 1973 to the present is given. The technical data and settings of the highly economical two-channel autonomous loggers of TR-5L thermometers used for measuring storage conditions since 2010 are indicated. The results of the studies of temperature and relative air humidity indicators inside the containers with food products placed in permafrost at a depth of 0.5 meters for long-term storage at Cape Depo of the Taimyr Peninsula are presented. Statistical processing and analysis of the temperature and relative air humidity values in the storage facility for the periods of 2010-2016 and 2016-2022 have been carried out. The trend to the general increase in temperature both in summer and in winter months is found. An analysis of the humidity of the storage conditions made it possible to determine that the absolute humidity of the air decreased from 1.5 g/m3 at the time of laying the products to 0.1 g/m3 during the initial cooling process and then had an upward trend, reaching a maximum value of 5 g/m3 in 2022. The reasons for the increase in moisture content, as well as the divergence of the process of increasing the relative humidity of the air in the upper and lower parts to the anti-phase mode, are found. The depth of the new repository was determined based on the results of thermography of the exposed soil. The possibilities for analyzing the storage conditions of products in permafrost on the Taimyr Peninsula in the next observation period of 2022-2027 have been expanded by installing an additional logger. The results of the work performed in the framework of the experiment are summed up. It is proposed to develop the technology of compact long-term storage by designing computerized chests and expand the experiment in terms of increasing the volume of stored products when placed in the mines of underground storage facility in permafrost in the Arctic.

NON-TRADITIONAL KARST TYPES IN THE SOUTHERN URALS AND CISURALS

Despite the wide distribution of sulfate and carbonate karst in the study area, the nontraditional, rarely encountered karst types are also registered. These are clastokarst, karst of calcareous tuffs, sulfide karst, salt karst and marble karst. For each of these nontraditional types of karst, the conditions and factors of development were determined according to the karstic rock composition. Calcareous tuff karst is the least common in the study area, meanwhile clastokarst is widespread. Calcareous tuff karst is spread in the westernmost part of the Southern CisUrals, in the eastern outskirts of the Volga-Ural anteclise; and clastokarst is found in the western margin of the Yuryuzan-Sylva depression of the CisUrals marginal foredeep. Sulfide karst is developed in the plains of the Southern TransUrals within the Magnitogorsk megazone of the Ural folded system, and salt karst occurs in the flat foothills of the Southern Urals within the Belaya Megadepression and the Shikhan-Ishimbai saddle of the CisUrals marginal foredeep. It has been established that the previously identified areas of clastokarst distribution in the west of the area under consideration are not confirmed by modern and Pleistocene forms of its manifestation. The negative impact of clastokarst on economic facilities and humans is comparable to the impact of the most common and dangerous sulfate karst, and this must be taken into account when designing and constructing new buildings and engineering structures. Salt karst is manifested in artificial leaching of rock salt at a depth, such salt is necessary for the production of soda ash (JSC “Soda”); the formed voids are used as underground storage facilities for oil products (OJSC Podzemneftegaz). Calcareous tuff karst is a rare type of karst in the region under consideration, it can be observed at the complex natural monument “Shumilovsky waterfall”. Surface manifestations of sulfide karst can be a search feature of new copper-sulfide deposits. Non-traditional types of karst have both positive and negative practical implications. Karst in marble complicates the development of mineral deposits, and clastokarst complicates the economic development of the territory. Calcareous tuff karst creates unique local landforms, and sulfide karst is of practical importance in the search for new mineral deposits. On the one hand, salt karst determines the extraction of minerals deposits and contributes to the creation of useful underground storage facilities, on the other hand, it destroys them.

Techno-economic analysis of developing an underground hydrogen storage facility in depleted gas field: A Dutch case study

Underground hydrogen storage will be an essential part of the future hydrogen infrastructure to provide flexibility and security of supply. Storage in porous reservoirs should complement storage in salt caverns to be able to meet the projected high levels of required storage capacities. To assess its techno-economic feasibility, a case study of hydrogen storage in a depleted gas field in the Netherlands is developed. Subsurface modelling is performed and various surface facility design concepts are investigated to calculate the levelized cost of hydrogen storage (LCOHS). Our base case with hydrogen as cushion gas results in an LCOHS of 0.79 EUR/kg (range of 0.58–1.04 EUR/kg). Increasing the number of full-cycle equivalents from 1 to 6 lowers the storage cost to 0.25 EUR/kg. The investment cost of the cushion gas represents 76% of the total cost. With nitrogen as cushion gas, LCOHS is reduced to 0.49 EUR/kg (range of 0.42–0.56 EUR/kg).

GIS-based analysis of rock salt deposits’ suitability for underground hydrogen storage

The paper discusses the suitability of bedded salt deposits for underground hydrogen storage facilities. The presented research is an example of multi-criteria decision analysis coupled with spatial data analysis undertaken using GIS (Geographic Information System). The aim of this study is to develop a methodology for selecting the best locations for hydrogen storage in salt caverns. In the analysis, we take into account the results of previous studies of the storage capacity of rock salt deposits. The presented methodology allows the creation of rock salt deposit suitability maps for underground hydrogen storage. The results show that the applied method significantly influences the resulting map image, helping to identify optimal locations for hydrogen storage facilities. The presented approach may be of value to governmental institutions considering underground hydrogen storage, geological services, power plants producing electricity from renewable energy sources, and chemical and petrochemical plants.

Optimal Set of Criteria for the Zonal Forecast of the Potential for Carbon Dioxide Capture and Storage in Geological Formations

Geological criteria for the zonal evaluation of the RF territory potential for CO2 capture and storage are substantiated. The criteria of zonal forecast for the areas within the RF boundaries are proposed to arrange and monitor underground storage facilities are proposed on the basis of the international and Russian regulatory frameworks on the disposal of carbon dioxide, industrial wastewaters, toxic wastes, arrangement and monitoring of underground storage facilities for the purpose of implementing Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) projects. The scheme of investigation of the geological structures is built up, and brief characterization of each parameter along with its significance degree in the evaluation system is presented.

Research of cement slurries for sealing casing strings in underground hydrogen storage facilities in depleted hydrocarbon reservoirs

Prezentowany artykuł omawia zagadnienia dotyczące technologii zaczynów cementowych proponowanych do uszczelniania kolumn rur okładzinowych w podziemnych magazynach wodoru w sczerpanych złożach węglowodorów. Do badań laboratoryjnych wytypowano dziesięć receptur zaczynów zawierających różne dodatki i domieszki (m.in. nanomateriały, tj. nano-SiO2, nano-Al2O3, lateksy, polimery wielkocząsteczkowe). Badania receptur prowadzono w temperaturze 60°C pod ciśnieniem 25 MPa, stosując w składach zaczynów domieszkę odpieniającą, upłynniającą, antyfiltracyjną oraz opóźniacz wiązania. Badania wykonywano na dwóch rodzajach cementów: portlandzkim CEM I 42,5 oraz wiertniczym klasy G. Określano parametry technologiczne świeżych i stwardniałych zaczynów cementowych, badając: gęstość, odstój wody (wolną wodę), reologię, czasy gęstnienia, a także wytrzymałość na ściskanie, porowatość oraz szczelność rdzeni cementowych względem wodoru. Płynne zaczyny cementowe posiadały prawidłowe parametry technologiczne (były dobrze przetłaczalne w warunkach HPHT, a ich gęstości wynosiły 1,80–1,91 g/cm3). Wytrzymałości na ściskanie stwardniałych zaczynów cementowych po okresie od 2 dni do 28 dni hydratacji, zwłaszcza w przypadku próbek z dodatkiem nanokomponentów, przyjmowały bardzo wysokie wartości (po 28 dniach przekraczając 40 MPa). Próbki kamieni cementowych posiadały bardzo niską zawartość porów kapilarnych, co ogranicza możliwość tworzenia się kanalików w płaszczu cementowym otworu wiertniczego. W większości próbek pory o najmniejszych rozmiarach (poniżej 100 nm) stanowiły zdecydowaną większość (powyżej 95–97%) ogólnej ilości porów występujących w matrycy cementowej. Najkorzystniejsze parametry technologiczne uzyskano w przypadku próbek zawierających nano-SiO2 (nanokrzemionkę), a optymalny współczynnik wodno-cementowy dla takich zaczynów kształtował się na poziomie około 0,46–0,48 – w zależności od rodzaju zastosowanego cementu. Najniższe wartości przenikalności dla wodoru zanotowano dla receptur zawierających nanokrzemionkę (nano-SiO2). Receptury o najlepszych parametrach technologicznych, zawierające nanokomponenty (po wykonaniu szczegółowych testów), będą mogły znaleźć zastosowanie podczas uszczelniania rur okładzinowych w otworach wierconych w celu magazynowania wodoru.

A temperature gradient test system for investigating thermo-mechanical responses of containment materials of underground storage facilities

Underground energy storage is a promising option for the global ambition of moving towards carbon neutrality. To achieve safe and reliable energy storage in underground caverns, it is essential to understand the contributions of thermal and mechanical loads to the deformation of containment materials (e.g., concrete and geomaterials) and to forecast potential risks related to unexpected failure of these materials. A temperature gradient test system is developed to investigate the thermo-mechanical responses of containment materials under simulated temperature gradient and earth pressure conditions. The test system has advantages of establishing a temperature gradient of over 400 ​°C/m across a large-scale specimen and examining the resulting strain based on the digital image correlation analysis. This study sheds light on 3 typical applications of the test system to examine the thermal and mechanical responses of intact limestone, flawed limestone, and fractured concrete. The results demonstrate that the mechanical load mainly controls the strain evolution of the intact limestone, while the thermal load strongly affects the strain evolution around the circular hole. The failure pattern of concrete primarily influences the mechanically induced strain, and the thermally induced strain is insensitive to the concrete failure. This test system can be modified and upgraded to study various research topics related to underground energy storage.

Underground energy-related product storage and sequestration: site characterization, risk analysis and monitoring

Abstract This paper presents a high-level overview of site characterization, risk analysis and monitoring priorities for underground energy-related product storage or sequestration facilities. The siting of an underground storage or sequestration facility depends on several important factors beginning with the area of review. Collection of all existing and available records and data from within the rock volume, including potential vulnerabilities such as prior containment issues, proximity to infrastructure and/or population centres, must be evaluated. Baselining of natural processes before storage or sequestration operations begin provides the basis for assessing the effects of storage or sequestration on the surroundings. These initial investigations include geological, geophysical and geochemical analyses of the suitability of the geological host rock and environs for storage or sequestration. A risk analysis identifies and evaluates threats and hazards, the potential impact should they develop into unwanted circumstances or events and the consequences to the facility should any of them occur. This forms the basis for framing effective mitigation measures. A comprehensive monitoring programme that may include downhole well surveillance, observation wells, geochemical sampling and well testing ensures that the facility operates as designed and that unforeseen issues, such as product migration or loss of integrity, can be identified and mitigated. In addition to these technical issues, human factors and public perception of a project are a critical part of the site characterization, construction and operational phases of a project. Despite differences between underground storage and sequestration, the characterization, risk analysis and monitoring approaches that were developed for underground natural gas storage or for carbon dioxide sequestration could be used for underground storage or sequestration of any type of energy-related product. Recommendations from this work include: (1) develop an industry-standard evaluation protocol (workflow) for the evaluation of salt beds, saline aquifers, depleted hydrocarbon reservoirs, underground mines and cased wellbores for potential underground storage or sequestration development beyond those in use today; and (2) develop an industry-wide collaborative process whereby incident and near-miss data related to underground storage or sequestration operations can be reported, documented and shared for use in refining risk analysis modelling.

How the Earth’s upper crust deforms in a viscous or brittle manner and how these behaviors interact and evolve over time: the crucial role of pressure solution creep and sealing processes

Observations of the geological deformation of the Earth’s upper crust show both brittle behavior (faults) and viscous behavior (folds, shear zones). This paper explains the crucial role of pressure solution creep and sealing processes in these contrasting behaviors and in their evolutions over time. A description of natural deformation by pressure solution shows that the pressure solution creep process can accommodate large ductile deformation without any faults. This process can also accommodate near-stable ductile deformation through the coupling of pressure solution and fracturing. Even if pressure solution creep cannot accommodate the tectonic loading rate and earthquakes consequently occur, the post-seismic evolution is largely controlled by pressure solution processes such as post-seismic creep and fault healing and sealing. Some key experiments are presented that allow evaluating the thermodynamics and kinetics of these processes. Various models are then presented that could help engineers integrate pressure solution creep and sealing processes into predictions of the long-term behavior of rock deformation in underground storage and geo-energy facilities.

군 부동산시설 관련 갈등에 관한 연구

1. CONTENTS (1) RESEARCH OBJECTIVES The purpose of this study is to contribute to national defense policies by analyzing the status of conflicts between the private and the military over military ammunition storage facilities and deriving the direction of policies for promoting effective conflict management methods and the optimization of the protection zone of military installations. (2) RESEARCH METHOD Three ammunition supply point (ASP)-level ammunition storage facility units, where conflicts were resolved or in progress, were selected and their conflict management status was analyzed, and literature review and interview with the relevant personnel were conducted at the same time. (3) RESEARCH FINDINGS It was found that the conflicts can be managed effectively if the private-military joint areas are expanded through the application of the service distance to the existing ammunition storage facilities; the protection zone is reduced through the expansion of underground ammunition storage facilities; and if the cooperation system among the private, the government, and the military is reinforced. 2. RESULTS The military should continue to make efforts to supplement the operation system and improve facilities, alleviate and release the protection zone of military installations, and strengthen ties with the local community in order to properly manage the conflicts related to ammunition storage facilities.

Estimates of Compressibility of the Pore Space of the Reservoirs of the Uvyazovskoe Underground Storage Facility

Estimates of Compressibility of the Pore Space of the Reservoirs of the Uvyazovskoe Underground Storage Facility

Hydrogen Technology Development and Policy Status by Value Chain in South Korea

Global transitions from carbon- to hydrogen-based economies are an essential component of curbing greenhouse gas emissions and climate change. This study provides an investigative review of the technological development trends within the overall hydrogen value chain in terms of production, storage, transportation, and application, with the aim of identifying patterns in the announcement and execution of hydrogen-based policies, both domestically within Korea, as well as internationally. The current status of technological trends was analyzed across the three areas of natural hydrogen, carbon dioxide capture, utilization, and storage technology linked to blue hydrogen, and green hydrogen production linked to renewable energy (e.g., water electrolysis). In Korea, the establishment of underground hydrogen storage facilities is potentially highly advantageous for the storage of domestically produced and imported hydrogen, providing the foundations for large-scale application, as economic feasibility is the most important national factor for the provision of fuel cells. To realize a hydrogen economy, pacing policy and technological development is essential, in addition to establishing a roadmap for efficient policy support. In terms of technological development, it is important to prioritize that which can connect the value chain, all of which will ultimately play a major role in the transformation of human energy consumption.

Mechanisms and options of the utilization and burial of carbon dioxide in the earth interior

Background. One of the key approaches to reducing the long-term effects of global warming consists in capturing, transporting and disposing and/or burial of carbon dioxide. The Russian Federation is one of the leaders in carbon dioxide emissions. At the same time, having great potential in the field of CO2 burial in the subsoil, there are currently no industrial projects for capturing, transporting and utilizing and (or) storing CO2.Aim. To study of the retention mechanisms and burial features of carbon dioxide within various geological formations.Materials and methods. Based on the analysis of extensive material, a review of existing options for the utilization and storage of carbon dioxide in the bowels has been prepared.Results. Burial assumes CO2 injection into rock layers, which are capable of its absorption and safe long-term retention. Various options for the burial of carbon dioxide in the Earth interior are considered. The main ones are layers of depleted hydrocarbon deposits and mineralized aquifers. Also, carbon dioxide storage can be carried out in undeveloped coal seams, saline and basalt formations. The basic mechanisms of retention, necessary geological conditions and characteristics of potential reservoirs are described. The risks and uncertainties of burial in various geological formations are analyzed. Examples of the world’s most significant projects for the utilization and disposal of CO2 in the Earth interior are given. Such as Sleipner in Norway, In-Salah in Algeria, etc. It is indicated that the potential of Russia in the field of utilization and (or) disposal of carbon dioxide in the bowels is quite high, but it has not been fully assessed.Conclusion. At present, the most studied and tested options for the utilization and storage of carbon dioxide in the Earth interior are as follows: the use of carbon dioxide as an agent in the methods of enhanced oil recovery, the storage of CO2 in the strata of depleted deposits of hydrocarbon raw materials and in mineralized aquifers.It is necessary to concentrate efforts on a purposeful geological study of various conditions for storing carbon dioxide in the Russian Earth interior, as well as on the development of uniform requirements for the geological parameters of CO2 underground storage facilities.

Development of method for 3D geotechnological modeling of underground hydrogen storage with methane taking into account bacterial activity

The article is devoted to modeling of the underground storage of hydrogen–methane mixture. An approximate approach to 3D geotechnical modeling of the influence of bacterial activity on the injection and storage of gases in underground hydrogen storage facilities is proposed. The authors explore the possibility of using modern 3D flow simulation software (simulators) for this purpose, with indirect account for bacterial colony evolution and its consumption of the gas mixture components through the mechanism of pseudochemical reactions.